Dr. Donald Perovich

On Thursday, February 3rd, Dr. Donald Perovich came to talk to our class in the Savannah room. Dr. Perovich is a geophysicist who studies sea ice and its interactions with sun light. I am in both APES and Climat Science that I had the pleasure of seeing the presentation twice. I feel that even though the information was the same both times the first time through Dr. Perovich  was more humores and had a better all around presentation. He told more stories and shared more of his experiences making it more personal and easier to connect to. 

Dr. Perovich's picture from
 the Dartmouth website. 

Dr. Perovich talked to us about the decreasing ice cover at the North Pole. He started off by talking about exploring, and how the first explorations where drivin to fill in the blank spaces on the map but now-a-days explorations to the North are "Driven by a map of the future." The future of the summer ice cover is unknown but it dose not look good. There are millions of square miles of sea ice that move kilometers per day and are utterly unpredictable. Watching the movements of the ice sheets is like watching real time plate tectonics with mt ranges and oceans being created before your eyes. It is a land of unknown just like its future. 

Dr. Perovich on one of his explorations.

There will always be ice in the winter because it is dark for months at a time and it gets so cold that the ocean freezes over completely, but in the summer when there is more direct sunlight and it is light out of longer the ice starts to melt due to climate change. The world is getting warmer, it is a fact and there are signs all around us. One of the greatest proxies that help us see climate change is sea ice. There are lots of ways to measure sea ice but the curent method of choice is satellites because they can work day and night through all weather. 


By looking at satellite measurement of sea ice through all moths it is hard to see a signal through all the noise so to simplify things Dr. Perovich showed us a chart of just the amount of sea ice coverage in the month of September. Looking at these numbers is much more reasonable and it is easier to see what is happening. Dr. Perocich told us that there is a 9% decrees in the amount of September sea ice per decade. In 1960 there were 7.8 million square kilometers of sea ice and in 2007 there were just 4.2 million square kilometers witch is a drastic difference. Plainly put Dr. Perovich told us: "observations show sea ice is melting."But what about the future? Models are showing a lot of different predictions but one answer we were given was that there will be no more summer ice in 2100. 

Measuring Albedo's

One phenomenon that helps to explain the warming, that the Dr. talked a lot about, is the Albedo Feedback. An Albedo is the amount of sunlight that is being reflexed back 0 being the lowest and 1 the highest. Ice is the surface with the highest Albedo at about 85% and snow has the lowest with just 7%. This is important because this positive feedback(Input= sunlight, ocean area and ocean albedo, Output= sunlight absorbed by the ocean) loop amplifies change. "Over the past 27 years there is an 85% increase in solar heat impact."While the Albedo feedback is very interesting the loss of sea ice is not just an intellectual problem there are lots of other consequences such as the changing ecosystem and the amount of shipping up north.  


The state of the arctic is declining with the loss of the summer sea ice. The rich ecosytem witch is home to many animals such as polar bears, seal, and beluga whales is quickly changing and not for the better. With less sea ice the polar bears habitat and hunting ground is being quickly diminished. For the seals there is less year round ice witch means that not a lot of snow has the opportunity to stick so there is no where for the seals to build there dens to keep there young warm and safe. The belugas are being impacted by the increased shipping and the loss of krill witch feed off of algae that grows on the underside of the ice witch is no longer there. The shipping is increasing because with no ice it is quick 12,900 km along the northern sea route from Europe to Asia apposed to taking the Suz Canal witch is 20,900km though some dangerous territory. 

The boat from his year long trip.

How much warming will occur? How fast will it happen? When will there be no more summer ice? When will ice retreat to the point where it impacts human activities? How about the arctic ecosystem? Dr. Perovich left us with more questions than answers but it is not his job to answer the questions he just gets the information. I think the Dr. Perovich could have gone more in depth into his explanations and given us a better over view on all of the causes for the shrinking summer ice but he was very hyper-focussed on the Ice Albedo Feedback. Over all the Dr. was a good speaker and I was definitely not board listening to him twice. There was definitely room for improvement but his talk gave me a stronger understanding of sea ice at the North Pole. He also shared a very nice little song from talent night on one of his explorations that is quite funny:

Every point is precious

Every point is precious

Every datum true

We make observations

And send them home to you

I measure albedo

Sunlight up and down

I catch every photon

Before they hit the ground

Dancing little snowflakes

Falling from the sky

In the name of science

Yellow you must die

Every point is precious

Every datum true

We make observations

And send them home to you

I measure the meltponds

as they grow so deep

If they don't freeze over

soon we all shall weep

Each stake's truly revered

The pious gauges loved

We tend to the sacred

Ground in which they're shoved

Every point is precious

Folks, we lose a few

We need help with data

Can we count on you

Photos from:

http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/sid/personnel/perovich.donald.html

http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/faculty/regular/donaldperovich.html

http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/sid/perovich/SHEBAice/index.htm

http://inhabitat.com/life-preservers-for-polar-bears/

Wheelabrator Concord

Trash being dropped off

On Friday we took a class trip to the Wheelabrator Technologies Inc. Incinerator in Concord, NH. While the tour was not as informative as I had hoped it would be we got to wear cool hard hats and see the incinerator in action. Our tour guild Rob seams like a really nice guy just not the brightest bulb in the bunch. He was a shift superviser and has been working at the incinerator for 10 years. As a shift superviser he is in charge of 20 people durring day time operations and 4 durring night. Rob told us that his"favorite part of the job was the people he works with," but he also enjoys the science behind turning garbage into power.

The crane

Generator

Our tour started in a conference room where we watched a movie that took us through the operations of the incinerator. Wheelabrator opened its first plant in 1985 and since then has opened many more slowly perfecting the proces of clean energy production. The process starts when a truck arrives at the plant it is weighed and then drops its load in the receiving building where it is sorted and stacked to be put into the incinerator, all of this happens on the tipping floor. The trash is then picked up by giant crains and dumped into hoppers that feed the waist into the furness where "it burns on reciprocating grates." There is air flow above and below the trash so that it burns and turns completely to ash. The ash is then filtered out of the furness and brought to a mono fill in Franklin.

The furness

Adding powdered carbon

Scrubber

The hot air that is given off from the burring trash rises up to a boiler thought boiler tubes, the steam that is hight pressure that is produced in this process is then used to run a generator. The steam is then condensed and sent back to the boiler. After the heat is taken out of the hot air it is sent off to be cleaned. The first step in the cleaning process is the adding of powdered carbon to remove harmfull chemicals from the air such as  mercury and dioxins. The the air is sent through the scrubber, where lime and water is sprayed into the air to get rid of pollutants, this is like the shower and then the air must but dried in the bag house. The bag house is full of fabric filters that remove all the little stuff from the air. From the bag house the air goes up and out the stack but the out going air is always monitored.

Bag House

The Concord incinerator has been in operation since 1989 and runs 24 hours a day 7 days a week. They burn 500 tons a day. The web site says that they reduce this by 90% but Rob told us that 200 tons of ash go to the land fill each day witch is not a 90% reduction. The generator produces 14(Rob) or 15(web site) megawatts of power, witch powers 17,000 homes in the concord area.

While at the incinerator the most important things I learned were that the claw games in movie theaters are a scam and being a crane operator at an incinerator dose not increase your chances and the tipping floor would be an amazing place for an action sequence, I did get a good visual on how an incinerator works witch was good, it is always nice to put a visual to the ideas we learn about in class. All in all I thought that the field trip was good and lots of fun, although a slightly more informed guild would have been nice.

Photos and information from www.wheelabratortechnologies.com